Title: Masticatory muscle anatomy and feeding efficiency of the American beaver, Castor canadensis



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Table 3. Mean moment arm length and mechanical advantage of the masticatory muscles of C. canadensis calculated at incisor occlusion (IO) and 30° gape.





Moment arm length (mm)

Mechanical advantage

IO

30°

IO

30°

Superficial masseter

32.0

23.3

0.34

0.25

Anterior deep masseter

37.8

25.9

0.40

0.27

Posterior deep masseter

24.3

19.8

0.26

0.21

Zygomatico-mandibularis

26.8

24.3

0.28

0.26

Posterior masseter

8.5

8.3

0.09

0.09

Temporalis

18.3

16.4

0.19

0.17

Medial pterygoid

27.7

25.4

0.29

0.27

Mean

26.2

20.5

0.28

0.22


Table 4. Biomechanical parameters (mean mechanical advantage, bite force, mechanical efficiency of biting, percentage of bite force directed along incisor long axis) in C. canadensis, calculated with all muscle, without the anterior deep masseter (ADM), and without the superficial masseter (SM).






Incisor occlusion

30° gape

All muscles

Minus ADM

Minus SM

All muscles

Minus ADM

Minus SM

Mean mechanical advantage

0.28

0.26

0.26

0.23

0.22

0.22

Total bite force (N)

556

486

353

714

626

426

Biting efficiency (%)

36.8

34.8

32.5

47.3

44.8

39.2

% bite force projected along incisor

99.3

98.8

80.2

95.2

94.8

77.4



FIGURE LEGENDS

Fig. 1. Masticatory muscles of the American beaver, C. canadensis. A, superficial masseter (light blue); B, anterior (light purple) and posterior (dark purple) parts of the deep masseter; C, zygomatico-mandibularis (green) and posterior masseter (brown); D, temporalis (red).
Fig. 2. Attachment sites of the masticatory muscles of the American beaver shown on: A, lateral aspects of the skull and mandible; B, lateral and medial aspects of the mandible; C, ventral aspect of the skull. Cross-hatching represents tendinous attachments. Colours: red, temporalis; light blue, superficial masseter; light purple, anterior deep masseter; dark purple, posterior deep masseter; green, zygomatico-mandibularis; brown, posterior masseter; orange, medial pterygoid; yellow, lateral masseter.
Fig. 3. Skinned head of American beaver, C. canadensis in right lateral view, showing anterior and posterior origins of superficial masseter. Abbreviations: ADM, anterior deep masseter; O, orbit; SM, superficial masseter; T, temporalis; ZA, zygomatic arch.

ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL

Online Resource 1. Mathematical details of the calculation of the biomechanical metrics.


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